Isle of Man, Galapagos and sunspot data show net cooling hid double exponential ocean warming danger: +3°C in 2014, +4°C likely by 2016.

Anthropogenic global warming (AGW) heat is trapped by the greenhouse gas (GHG) blanket, and the ocean surface layer. It is 93% in the ocean and drives atmospheric warming. The 111-year mean daily surface temperatures are 10.5±0.5°C at Port Erin (PE) Isle of Man compared with 9.6±4.8°C in Central England (CET) air. The Port Erin 5½-year max-min heat cycle synchronizes to the 11-year solar heat pump sunspot cycle. Tropical heat arrives 2 years after a solar maximum on wind-driven currents in the stratified sea surface. Runoff from bottom-up melted Arctic icesheets arrives 3½ year later at solar minimum. These warm and cold waters are the biodiversity source. PE is unique with seasonal meltwaters of Pacific and Atlantic origin. The North Pacific warms twice as fast as other oceans. All ocean near-surface gyre currents harmonize with sunspot cycles. Net cooling by polar icemelt masks catastrophic exponential ocean warming and icemelt. Eleven counter-rotating surface gyres carry heat and nutrients globally in verified ocean surface circulation system. Exponential growth is unsustainable in a finite system. It trends to infinity. Double-exponential gets there twice as quickly. The GHG blanket, grown double-exponentially for 250 years, is now in control. Ocean heat absorption takes 150-250years. Arctic icemelt increases double-exponentially. The Arctic long-term annual freeze-melt volume cycle is 16.8±1.3 thousand cubic km per year. Polar land icemelt adds ~500 km3m per year. Freeze-brine of salinity >40‰ and temperature – 1°C, sinks to the bottom. Equatorial evaporative-brine of salinity >36.4‰ and >28°C floats subsurface under fresh warm layers thickening westwards in tropical meridional cells to ~75m depth. This is consistent with observed extreme weather. Heat imbalance forced Pacific Ocean temperatures above proposed limits of +2°C in 1993, to +3°C in 2014, and is on track for +4°C for 2016. Century-long daily records confirm processes ongoing for 300 years. Coast locations are where impacts are felt and real-time data collected. Corporate governance degraded physics teaching in only 60 years. Individual discovery and data collection was lost. Big science is unnecessary. Satellites cannot do plankton tows. Computer modelsare governed by the rule of „garbage-in garbage-out?. They must be verified by in situ data that cannot be collected retrospectively. Continuous timeseries surface profile data from fixed ocean station locations on a global variableboundary network are essential. Scientists, if well-trained in ocean experimental physics, can do the hard work. Time-poor scientists, stripped of their intellectual property rights, under rewarded, poorly educated, and ruthlessly exploited by growth-obsessed commercial interests, missed catastrophic global warming and multiple extreme consequences. Climate scientists abandoned classical physics and Newton-Hooke field verification in favor of unverified beliefs, models, and apps. Climate studies confuse heat with temperature, do not include basal icemelt, density temperature-salinity function, Clausius-Clapeyron evaporation exponential skin temperature function, asymmetric brineheat sequestration, solar and tidal pumping, infra-red GHG heat trap, vertical tropical cells, freshwater warm pools; or wind-driven surface currents at 3 percent of windspeed. Climate model mistaken assumptions lead to the absurd conclusion that evaporation in the Labrador Sea at midnight in midwinter is greater than at the midday Equator. The Isle of Man provides an ideal location for continued monitoring and mitigation research, teaching and public service ina dedicated non-commercial independent multidisciplinary university-type setting. Quality teaching is the major priority. Commercial monopoly rights need replacement with free, fully open discussions and publications. Quality not quantity should be paramount. Internationally competitive academics should control subservient lower paid support staff. Every day without ocean surface data means vital scientific truth lost of interest and concern to all populations. Predictions are groundless without accurate continuous ocean surface data. Skeptics, politicians, statisticians, those with stakes in the status quo, and established research censors obstructing scientific progress squabble in ignorance while the globe burns

Presentations of major peripheral arterial disease and risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the ADVANCE-ON study.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is known to be associated with high cardiovascular risk, but the individual impact of PAD presentations on risk of macrovascular and microvascular events has not been reliably compared in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the impact of major PAD, and its different presentations, on the 10-year risk of death, major macrovascular events, and major clinical microvascular events in these patients. METHODS: Participants in the action in diabetes and vascular disease: PreterAx and DiamicroN modified-release controlled evaluation (ADVANCE) trial and the ADVANCE-ON post-trial study were followed for a median of 5.0 (in-trial), 5.4 (post-trial), and 9.9 (overall) years. Major PAD at baseline was subdivided into lower-extremity chronic ulceration or amputation secondary to vascular disease and history of peripheral revascularization by angioplasty or surgery. RESULTS: Among 11,140 participants, 516 (4.6 %) had major PAD at baseline: 300 (2.7 %) had lower-extremity ulceration or amputation alone, 190 (1.7 %) had peripheral revascularization alone, and 26 (0.2 %) had both presentations. All-cause mortality, major macrovascular events, and major clinical microvascular events occurred in 2265 (20.3 %), 2166 (19.4 %), and 807 (7.2 %) participants, respectively. Compared to those without PAD, patients with major PAD had increased rates of all-cause mortality (HR 1.35, 95 % CI 1.15-1.60, p = 0.0004), and major macrovascular events (1.47 [1.23-1.75], p < 0.0001), after multiple adjustments for region of origin, cardiovascular risk factors and treatments, peripheral neuropathy markers, and randomized treatments. We have also observed a trend toward an association of baseline PAD with risk of major clinical microvascular events [1.31 (0.96-1.78), p = 0.09]. These associations were comparable for patients with a lower-extremity ulceration or amputation and for those with a history of peripheral revascularization. Furthermore, the risk of retinal photocoagulation or blindness, but not renal events, increased in patients with lower-extremity ulceration or amputation [1.53 (1.01-2.30), p = 0.04]. CONCLUSIONS: Lower-extremity ulceration or amputation, and peripheral revascularization both increased the risks of death and cardiovascular events, but only lower-extremity ulceration or amputation increased the risk of severe retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Screening for major PAD and its management remain crucial for cardiovascular prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00949286)

VIRTUAL LEARNING NETWORKS IN SMALL TOURISM BUSINESSES A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Much of tourism development is predicated on the successful working of organisations and their competitive alignment in the form of partnerships or networks. Specifically, national and international research studies acknowledge the importance of small firm network-centred learning, where an integral part of this learning process is the complete network of relationships of the small firm owner-manager. Despite their importance in the context of small business development, networks, both physical and virtual, have been relatively neglected as an area of academic study, particularly in the tourism context. This paper focuses on virtual learning networks (VLN) among small tourism businesses, and seeks to establish a conceptual frame within which VLNs can be studied from a small firm perspective. A comprehensive review of the literature on VLNs is presented, drawing from traditional learning theories and their adoption into a virtual standpoint. The review also draws from networking philosophy and relational capital domains. Previous research suggests a number of factors including collaboration, trust, and reciprocity as indicators for the building of social capital in order to increase participation levels among network members. The approach to learning, its theories and behavioural analysis are a predominant focus in the examination of existing literature. A conceptual framework is presented identifying the elements (trust, commitment and reciprocity) necessary for building social capital as a means for effective collaboration among members within a small firm virtual network. The research goal is to suggest factors for consideration by managers and national support agencies (including Fáilte Ireland in the tourism context) when establishing small business virtual networking operations. Further research includes the operationalisation of this conceptual model in the Irish tourism sector

CONCEPTS FOR POWER AND ENERGY ANALYSIS IN NASTIC STRUCTURES

ABSTRACT Nastic structures are potentially high-energy density smart materials that will be capable of achieving controllable deformation and shape change due to internal microactuation that functions on principles found in the biological process of nastic motion. In plants, nastic motion is accomplished through osmotic pressure changes causing a respective increase or decrease in cell volume, thereby causing net movement. In nastic structures, osmotic pressure is increased by moving fluid from low concentration to high concentration areas by means of active transport, powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Power analysis involves calculating possible ranges of actuation as a result of interior pressure exchanges and hydraulic flux rates which will determine the speed of actuation. Because pressure inside the actuating cylinder is uniform, the cylinder undergoes deformation in all the three dimensions. Predicting the work-energy balance involves considering the factors that determine the total volumetric change, including cylinder wall expansion, surface bulging and stretching, and outside forces that oppose the actuation. The hydraulic flux rates determine both the force magnitude and the actuation speed. Energy analysis considers the pressure variation range needed to accomplish the desired actuation deflection, and the energy required for active transport mechanisms to move the volume of fluid into the nastic actuator. Nonlinear effects are present, as the pressure inside the actuation cylinder increases, it takes more energy for active transport to continue moving fluid into it. The chemical reaction of ATP hydrolysis supplies the energy for active transport, which is related to the ratio of the reactants, to the products, as well as to the pH level. As the pH lowers, more energy is released through ATP hydrolysis. Therefore, as pH decreases, ATP Hydrolysis releases more energy, enabling active transport to move more fluid into the actuation cylinder, thereby increasing the internal osmotic pressure and causing material deformation work and actuation

Traditional and Virtual Hypertension Self-Management Health Education Program Delivered Through Cooperative Extension

Fewer than 25% of individuals in the United States with hypertension have controlled blood pressure (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Hypertension Management Program (HMP) adopted the Health Coaches for Hypertension Control© (HCHC©) curriculum and adapted it for delivery by Extension agents. Eight lessons with intermittent health coaching calls were delivered. Pre/post-participation surveys determined changes in knowledge and self-reported weight, systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The pandemic forced a shift in methodology from in-person to virtual delivery, and results were compared. In both traditional and virtual programs, significant differences were found in weight, knowledge scores, and SBP from pre- to post-participation. Mean reduction in weight for in-person and virtual programs was 1.9 lb (p = 0.0047) and 3.5 lb (p = 0.043) respectively. Knowledge scores increased significantly for in-person (p = 0.000) and virtual program (p = 0.0006) participants. Mean reduction in SBP of 5.5 mmHg (p = 0.0009) and 1.9 (p = 0.0338) was observed in in-person and virtual participants, respectively. DBP significantly decreased by a mean of 8.5 mmHg (p = 0.0421) for virtual HMP participants and approached significance in traditional programs (decrease of 5.5 mmHg, p = 0.0649). Results suggest that participation in HMP, whether in-person or virtual, could help participants reduce their risk of cardiovascular events through blood pressure self-management

Streams of data from drops of water: 21st century molecular microbial ecology

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and represent a taxonomically and functionally diverse component of freshwater environments of significant ecological importance. The bacteria, archaea, and microbial eukarya in freshwater systems support a range of ecosystem processes and functions, including mediating all major biogeochemical cycles, and therefore regulate the flow of multiple ecosystem services. Yet relative to conspicuous higher taxa, microbial ecology remains poorly understood. As the anthropocene progresses, the demand for freshwater–ecosystem services is both increasing with growing human population density, and by association, increasingly threatened from multiple and often interacting stressors, such as climate change, eutrophication, and chemical pollution. Thus, it is imperative to understand the ecology of microorganisms and their functional role in freshwater ecosystems if we are to manage the future of these environments effectively. To do this, researchers have developed a vast array of molecular tools that can illuminate the diversity, composition, and activity of microbial communities. Within this primer, we discuss the history of molecular approaches in microbial ecology, and highlight the scope of questions that these methods enable researchers to address. Using some recent case studies, we describe some exemplar research into the microbial ecology of freshwater systems, and emphasize how molecular methods can provide novel ecological insights. Finally, we detail some promising developments within this research field, and how these might shape the future research landscape of freshwater microbial ecology